| Introduction
IP, the Internet
Protocol, has its roots back in the 1960s and was originally
developed as part of a research project funded by the Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), part of the US
Department of Defence (DoD). Today, IP is well known as being
the worlds most widely used networking protocol.
Traditionally IP has
been used in the support of transporting data. However due to
a whole host of driving forces, IP is now seen as the protocol
of today and the future to support not just data but
multimedia traffic including voice and video. A term commonly
applied to this bringing together of all communication needs
into the one network is convergence.
This course looks at
IP and its associated protocols in terms of the technology as
well as how it is applied to real-life applications. In
addition, we discuss many of the issues that need to be
addressed when using and considering using IP.
Live
Equipment, Practical Exercises and Reviews
It is very important
to us at HN Networks that the students on our courses receive
training that allows them to learn most effectively. In order
to achieve this, we include exercises and end-of-section and
end-of-day review questionnaires within the course. The goal
of the reviews is to provide a mechanism to reinforce the
material covered during the course rather than simply testing
how much a student has taken in on the first pass.
Live equipment,
including various items of equipment including routers,
servers and firewalls, is used to help consolidate the
subjects learnt and give the students practical as well as
theoretical skills.
Who
should attend the course?
This course is aimed
at individuals who wish to develop a solid understanding of
all aspects of IP technology. It will be beneficial for
network managers, technicians, designers and consultants who
are involved in supporting, managing, designing or
implementing IP networks. A general understanding of data
communication principles is recommended.
Course
Agenda
The following is an
outline of the sections included in the course:
- Introduction
to IP
- The
IP Layer
- IP
Support Protocols
- Transport
Layer Protocols
- Application
Layer Protocols
- Routing
with IP
- IP
Version 6 (IPv6)
- Security
and IP
- Quality
of Service (QoS) and IP
- IP
and Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
- Voice
over IP
Course
Length
The course is three
days in length.
1
Introduction to IP
Protocol
Concepts
- A brief overview
of the layered approach to networking is covered. We look
at the OSI model and the TCP/IP model and give a rationale
for their use and an example of the TCP/IP model in
action.
What
is IP and where did it come from?
- IP stands for
Internet Protocol, one of the many protocols in the
commonly known TCP/IP suite.
- IP was developed
as part of a research project funded by the Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), part of the
Department of Defence (DoD) in the USA. This is why it is
sometimes referred to as DoD IP. ARPANet (the forerunner
of the Internet) was set up to link military CPUs
together. The design was published in 1974 and the DoD
eventually accepted it in 1979.
IP
carried across various different types of network
- IP over Ethernet
We look at the two different Ethernet frame types
including Ethernet 2 and IEEE 802.3 and how both can carry
IP. We see that use of Ethernet 2 is, by far, most common.
- MAC Addresses
- IP over Token Ring
using IEEE 802.2 and Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP)
- IP over
Point-to-point Protocol (PPP), Serial Line IP (SLIP),
CSLIP and CPPP
- IP over Frame
Relay
- IP over
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
2
The IP Layer
This section
discusses the IP header with emphasis placed on IP addressing
mechanisms. Extensive use of the live equipment will be made
to demonstrate the subjects being explained. Exercises are
used to further consolidate the students knowledge.
- IP version 4
addresses have an instantly recognisable format, called
dotted decimal notation
- How IP addresses
are allocated
- Network and host
addressing
- Address classes
and the first octet rule
- Public IP address
space vs. private IP address space
- Address masks and
subnet masks
- Subnetting in
detail including subnet guidelines and exercises
- Variable Length
Subnet Masking (VLSM)
- Classless
Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
3
IP Support Protocols
This section looks at
some protocols and other aspects that are used to support the
IP protocol.
- Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
- Default Gateway
and Default Router
- Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP)
- Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) provides some of the error
handling functionality that is missing from IP itself. The
well known Ping facility and the not so well known
Traceroute facility will be used to demonstrate the
operation of ICMP.
- Boot Protocol (BOOTP)
- Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Domain Name System
(DNS) Including a look at domain naming, zones and
name servers, Resource Records and a look at an example of
domain name resolution.
4
Transport Layer Protocols
This section examines
the host-to-host layer of the TCP/IP model and compares the
two protocols that operate at this layer.
- Transport layer
addressing Ports and Sockets
- Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) This is a Transport layer
(layer 4) protocol that provides a reliable data delivery
service to the higher layer protocols, such as FTP, and
other applications that cannot tolerate the loss or
corruption of information.
- User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) This is an unreliable data
communications protocol that adds very little overhead to
the IP layer. It is used to support applications that
themselves probably support their own error correction
such as the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).
5
Application Layer Protocols
This section looks at
some of the more popular application layer protocols.
- Telnet Virtual
terminal operation giving interactive access to remote
systems.
- File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) Used to transfer files across an IP
network along with extensive facilities for remote
functions such as directory manipulation, file deletion
etc
- Trivial File
Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Used to transfer files across
an IP network in a very simple fashion (i.e. with limited
functionality).
- Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Electronic Mail achieved
simply.
- Post Office
Protocol (POP) A protocol that client e-mail
applications use to retrieve mail from a mail server via
an IP network such as the Internet.
- HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) The protocol used by Web browsers and
Web servers to transfer files, such as text and graphic
files.
- HyperText Mark-up
Language (HTML) The basic language that provides the
formatting capabilities on typical web pages.
- Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) Here we look at the most
common protocol used for the management of devices in an
IP network.
6
Routing with IP
In this section, we
deal with the routing function of IP and the devices used to
achieve this. Examples of routers will be set up and we will
demonstrate how they operate.
Why
use routers
- Routing is the
process by which two communicating end stations use the
optimum path across an internetwork. A router provides the
routing function.
The
principles of routing
- Routing occurs at
the Network layer of the OSI model, or the Internet layer
of the TCP/IP model. Here we discuss what a router
actually does and how it does it.
Router
topology
- What does a router
network look like? A variety of scenarios can be catered
for using routers, from the very simple to the very
complex.
Basic
Router Configuration
- Here we look at
the routing table in more depth and discuss static
routing.
Routing
Protocols
- Routing vs routed
protocols
- Interior and
exterior gateway protocols (IGP and EGP)
- Routing metrics
- Routing algorithm
types Distance Vector and Link State protocols
- Distance Vector
routing protocols Here we look at how distance vector
protocols operate and discuss some of the pros and cons of
their use.
- Link State routing
protocols Here we look at how Link State routing
protocols operate and compare them to Distance Vector
techniques.
- Routing
Information Protocol (RIP) A look at how RIP works.
- Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) A look at how OSPF works.
- Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP) A look at how BGP works.
7
IP Version 6 (IPv6)
Here we look at IPv6,
the development of a new protocol designed to replace IPv4.
- Design goals of
IPv6
- IPv6 packet header
format
- IPv6 extension
headers
- IPv6 addressing
- Aggregatable
Global Unicast Address Structure
- ICMPv6
- Neighbour
discovery and autoconfiguration
- IPv4 and IPv6
interworking
8
Security
and IP
Rapid development of
communications across networks such as the Internet has
brought about the need for significant security mechanisms to
protect client protocols of IP. This section has a look at
what IP security is all about and how it may be achieved.
- Overview of
security and IP
- Network Address
Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT)
- Access lists in
routers
- IP Security (IPSec)
- Firewalls
9
Quality of Service (QoS) and
IP
IP was never really
intended for the support of applications that demanded QoS.
Today, however, things have changed completely. With the
demand for such applications as voice and video over IP (and
others), quality of service is an important requirement. There
are a number of approaches to delivering QoS and this section
explores them.
- Quality of Service
with IP
- QoS by using IP
over ATM
- Integrated
services and the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
- Differentiated
services - Diffserv
10
IP and
Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
The original intent
of MPLS was to provide a technology that provided the
performance of layer 2 switching yet did so based on layer 3
(IP) information. While MPLS does achieve this goal, it is no
longer viewed as the only benefit to be gained from MPLS.
Other key benefits include the simplicity with which Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs) may be implemented as well as the
ability to support Quality of Service (QoS) and perform
traffic engineering.
- Introduction to
MPLS
- MPLS defined
- Routing protocol
overview
- Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP)
- Traffic
engineering with MPLS
- QoS and MPLS
- VPNs and MPLS
11
Voice over
IP
A particularly
significant application topic today is that of Voice over IP.
This section looks at how Voice over IP works as well as
looking at some of the issues surrounding it. Live equipment
will be used to demonstrate voice over IP operation.
- Introduction to
Voice over IP
- A look at H.323
Terminal equipment, Gatekeepers and Gateways
- A look at H.225.0
and H.245
- How speech, DTMF,
signalling etc.. is carried in IP packets
- What are the
issues of supporting voice over IP?
- A look at Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Media Gateway Control
Protocol (MGCP)
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